与宠物相关的感染

Abstract

Physicians and veterinarians have many opportunities to partner in promoting the well-being of people and their pets, especially by addressing zoonotic diseases that may be transmitted between a pet and a human family member. Common cutaneous pet-acquired zoonoses are dermatophytosis (ringworm) and sarcoptic mange (scabies), which are both readily treated. Toxoplasmosis can be acquired from exposure to cat feces, but appropriate hygienic measures can minimize the risk to pregnant women. Persons who work with animals are at increased risk of acquiring bartonellosis (e.g., cat-scratch disease); control of cat fleas is essential to minimize the risk of these infections. People and their pets share a range of tick-borne diseases, and exposure risk can be minimized with use of tick repellent, prompt tick removal, and appropriate tick control measures for pets. Pets such as reptiles, amphibians, and backyard poultry pose a risk of transmitting Salmonella species and are becoming more popular. Personal hygiene after interacting with these pets is crucial to prevent Salmonella infections. Leptospirosis is more often acquired from wildlife than infected dogs, but at-risk dogs can be protected with vaccination. The clinical history in the primary care office should routinely include questions about pets and occupational or other exposure to pet animals. Control and prevention of zoonoses are best achieved by enhancing communication between physicians and veterinarians to ensure patients know the risks of and how to prevent zoonoses in themselves, their pets, and other people.

摘要

医生和兽医有很多机会合作促进人类及其宠物的健康，特别是通过应对可能在宠物和人类家庭成员之间传播的人畜共患病。常见的经宠物传染的皮肤性人畜共患病有皮肤癣菌病（癣）和疥螨病（疥疮），这两种病都很容易治疗。弓形虫病可通过接触猫粪感染，但采取适当的卫生措施可将孕妇感染风险降至最低。与动物接触的人感染巴尔通体病（如猫抓病）的风险增加；控制猫蚤对于将这些感染的风险降至最低至关重要。人类及其宠物都有一系列蜱传疾病，使用蜱虫驱避剂、及时清除蜱虫以及对宠物采取适当的蜱虫控制措施可将接触风险降至最低。爬行动物、两栖动物和后院家禽等宠物有传播沙门氏菌的风险，而且这类宠物越来越受欢迎。与这些宠物接触后保持个人卫生对于预防沙门氏菌感染至关重要。钩端螺旋体病更多是从野生动物而非感染的狗身上感染，但有感染风险的狗可通过接种疫苗得到保护。基层医疗办公室的临床病史常规应包括询问有关宠物以及职业或其他接触宠物动物的情况。加强医生和兽医之间的沟通，以确保患者了解自身、其宠物及其他人感染人畜共患病的风险以及如何预防，这样才能最好地控制和预防人畜共患病。

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