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生物多样性背景下城市动物生境营建的策略与方法

来源：萌宠菠菠乐园时间：2025-07-10 22:24

摘要:

目的

当前城市化进程的加快对于生物多样性提出了严峻考验，梳理动物生境营建的策略与方法，可为城市生物多样性和绿地生态服务功能提升提供借鉴。

方法

通过综述国内外城市动物生境研究现状，以城市生物多样性保护和提升为导向，探讨动物的生境偏好特征，总结城市动物生境营建的策略和方法。

结果

提出了“要素调查—营建内容—生境管理”的城市动物生境营建基本内容。1）要素调查：以鸟类、小型哺乳类和两栖类动物作为目标类群，调查物种资源和生境资源以明确生态本底信息，并根据动物的生境偏好分析，总结食源地、水源地和庇护地的环境特征。2）营建内容：从植被营建、水体营造和设施构建3个方面，提出城市动物生境的营建方法。3）生境管理：指出持续开展生态监测与游憩管理，有助于设计者或管理者更好地改进优化动物生境。

结论

上述基本内容可为城市生物多样性保护和提升提供理论支撑，也可作为风景园林与生态实践相结合的重要指导依据。对于城市动物栖息环境的优化建设、城市绿色空间生态功能的发挥和可持续发展具有重要意义，具有理论借鉴及规划参考的双重价值。

Abstract:

Objective

In recent years, the rapid development of urbanization has had a significant impact on the ecological environment of cities and the survival of animals living in cities, causing a serious challenge to urban biodiversity. Based on combing the strategies and methods of animal habitat construction, it aims to restore or construct suitable animal habitats to protect and enhance urban biodiversity, which is a theoretical research hotspot that is widely concerned by the academic community.

Method

In view of the protection and enhancement of urban biodiversity, this research reviews the current status of researches on urban animal habitat at home and abroad through literature analysis, and systematically sorts out the researches on animal habitat preferences and habitat environment restoration and improvement. Based on the progress of scientific research and related landscape practice, the research summarizes the strategies and methods for urban animal habitat construction.

Results

The research proposes basic contents for urban animal habitat construction, which are composed of “factor investigation-construction content-habitat management”. 1) Factor investigation includes understanding ecological background information and analyzing habitat preference characteristics. There are many types and quantities of animals in the urban environment, and it is necessary to screen out key species of birds, small mammals and amphibians to improve research efficiency. Through such means as field survey, website data collation, interview survey and map review, the research collects a large amount of data on the type, quantity, distribution and activity rhythm of existing animal species and local ecological base in an effort to grasp the situation of animal resources and site environment in the research area. Based on the analysis of animal habitat preferences, the environmental characteristics of food sources, water sources and shelters to provide a basis for the content of animal habitat construction. 2) In terms of construction content, the construction methods for urban animal habitats are proposed from the three aspects of vegetation construction, water body construction and facility construction. Vegetation construction includes plant species, vegetation structure and community configuration. Native plants are preferentially selected as dominant species to ensure high adaptability and stability of the plant community. The strategy adopted pays attention to the matching of diverse food source tree species and the application of tall nesting tree species with complex branch structures, which can provide abundant food sources and safe shelter spaces for animals to inhabit. The multi-layered vegetation configuration (including arbor layer, shrub layer, herbaceous layer and aquatic plant layer) with complex structure and diverse micro-environments can meet the habitat needs of various animals. It is also necessary to adapt measures to local conditions according to site conditions, and make full use of existing resources such as terrain, water system, and vegetation to ensure diverse, healthy and stable plant community configuration. The construction of water body mainly involves the type of water area, hydraulic engineering practice and island in the water. Creating a water environment with multiple water levels and enrich the type of water area can provide various ecological niches for animals and increase the possibilities for animals to communicate with the surrounding environment. The properties of water body area, water body revetment, water body base and water body edge have great influence on the quality of animal habitat. For excessively large water areas, it is advisable to build islands in water in the open water body to provide a foothold for water birds, and at the same time effectively block the interference of human activities on birds and attract wetland birds to inhabit and breed. Facility construction involves artificial facilities and natural facilities. The artificial auxiliary facilities such as artificial nest boxes, Benjeshecke, insect hotels and fences should be used to attract animals, and natural facilities such as dead woods, fallen trees, fallen leaves and stone piles should be used to help animals avoid natural enemies and reduce the impact of unfavorable environmental conditions. 3) In terms of habitat management, the research conducts continuous ecological monitoring and recreational management to help designers or managers improve and optimize animal habitats. Specifically, the research conducts vegetation monitoring, hydrological monitoring, noise monitoring, and animal diversity monitoring to help determine if a habitat is achieving its goals, identify problems, and take measures for improvement based on monitoring results to better serve relevant user groups. By regulating recreational behaviors, and setting reasonable recreational paths and stations, the research aims to maximize the harmony between human and animals.

Conclusion

This research provides theoretical support for the protection and enhancement of urban biodiversity, and serves as an important guiding principle for the integration of landscape architecture and ecological practice. Therefore, it has dual values for theoretical reference and planning. The research is of great significance for the optimization of animal habitats in urban environments, the ecological functions of urban green spaces, and sustainable development. However, in the future, further research is still needed on different types of green spaces, ecological relationships between different animal groups, and comprehensive allocation of green space resources.

图 1 动物生境偏好与主要生境因子

Figure 1. Animal habitat preference and main habitat factors

图 2 人工设施示意

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of artificial facilities

图 3 天然设施示意

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of natural facilities

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