老龄猫和犬营养研究进展
来源： 时间：2025-02-14 08:36
[1] Bellows, J., Colitz, C.M.H., Daristotle, L., Ingram, D.K., Lepine, A., Marks, S.L., et al. (2015) Common Physical and Functional Changes Associated with Aging in Dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 246, 67-75.
https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.246.1.67 [2] Bellows, J., Center, S., Daristotle, L., Estrada, A.H., Flickinger, E.A., Horwitz, D.F., et al. (2016) Aging in Cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18, 533-550.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16649523 [3] Case, L.P., Daristotle, L., Hayek, M.G. and Raasch, M.F. (2011) Geriatrics. In: Canine and Feline Nutrition, Elsevier, 261-275.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-06619-8.10025-8 [4] Quimby, J., Gowland, S., Carney, H.C., DePorter, T., Plummer, P. and Westropp, J. (2021) 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 23, 211-233.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x21993657 [5] Ray, M., Carney, H.C., Boynton, B., Quimby, J., Robertson, S., St Denis, K., et al. (2021) 2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 23, 613-638.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x211021538 [6] Creevy, K.E., Grady, J., Little, S.E., Moore, G.E., Strickler, B.G., Thompson, S., et al. (2019) 2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 55, 267-290.
https://doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6999 [7] Salt, C., Saito, E.K., O’Flynn, C. and Allaway, D. (2022) Stratification of Companion Animal Life Stages from Electronic Medical Record Diagnosis Data. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 78, 579-586.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glac220 [8] Bermingham, E.N., Weidgraaf, K., Hekman, M., Roy, N.C., Tavendale, M.H. and Thomas, D.G. (2012) Seasonal and Age Effects on Energy Requirements in Domestic Short-Hair Cats (Felis catus) in a Temperate Environment. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 97, 522-530.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01293.x [9] Bermingham, E.N., Young, W., Butowski, C.F., Moon, C.D., Maclean, P.H., Rosendale, D., et al. (2018) The Fecal Microbiota in the Domestic Cat (Felis catus) Is Influenced by Interactions between Age and Diet; A Five Year Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, Article 1231.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01231 [10] Peachey, S.E., Dawson, J.M. and Harper, E.J. (2000) Gastrointestinal Transit Times in Young and Old Cats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 126, 85-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00189-6 [11] Papasouliotis, K., Sparkes, A.H., Gruffydd-Jones, T.J., Cripps, P.J. and Harper, E.J. (1998) Use of the Breath Hydrogen Test to Assess the Effect of Age on Orocecal Transit Time and Carbohydrate Assimilation in Cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 1299-1302.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1998.59.10.1299 [12] Garden, O.A., Rutgers, H.C., Sørensen, S.H., Daniels, S., Walker, D. and Batt, R.M. (1997) Reference Range and Repeatability of a Combined Intestinal Permeability and Function Test in Clinically Healthy Irish Setter Dogs. Research in Veterinary Science, 63, 257-261.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(97)90030-8 [13] Weber, M.P., Martin, L.J., Dumon, H.J., Biourge, V.C. and Nguyen, P.G. (2002) Influence of Age and Body Size on Intestinal Permeability and Absorption in Healthy Dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 1323-1328.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1323 [14] Kuzmuk, K.N., Swanson, K.S., Tappenden, K.A., Schook, L.B. and Fahey, G.C. (2005) Diet and Age Affect Intestinal Morphology and Large Bowel Fermentative End-Product Concentrations in Senior and Young Adult Dogs. The Journal of Nutrition, 135, 1940-1945.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.8.1940 [15] Larsen, J.A. and Farcas, A. (2014) Nutrition of Aging Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 44, 741-759.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.003 [16] Schauf, S., Stockman, J., Haydock, R., Eyre, R., Fortener, L., Park, J.S., et al. (2021) Healthy Ageing Is Associated with Preserved or Enhanced Nutrient and Mineral Apparent Digestibility in Dogs and Cats Fed Commercially Relevant Extruded Diets. Animals, 11, Article 2127.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072127 [17] Laflamme, D.P. (2005) Nutrition for Aging Cats and Dogs and the Importance of Body Condition. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 35, 713-742.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.12.011 [18] National Research Council (2006) Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. The National Academies Press. [19] FEDIAF (2017) FEDIAF Scientific Advisory Board Statement Nutrition of Senior Animals.
https://europeanpetfood.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/FEDIAF-Nutritional-Guidelines_2024.pdf [20] Summers, S.C., Stockman, J., Larsen, J.A., Sanchez Rodriguez, A. and Zhang, L. (2020) Evaluation of Nutrient Content and Caloric Density in Commercially Available Foods Formulated for Senior Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34, 2029-2035.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15858 [21] Freeman, L.M. (2011) Cachexia and Sarcopenia: Emerging Syndromes of Importance in Dogs and Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26, 3-17.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00838.x [22] Laflamme, D.P. (2016) Sarcopenia and Weight Loss in the Geriatric Cat. In: August’s Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7, Elsevier, 951-956.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00095-5 [23] Mao, J., Xia, Z., Chen, J. and Yu, J. (2013) Prevalence and Risk Factors for Canine Obesity Surveyed in Veterinary Practices in Beijing, China. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112, 438-442.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.08.012 [24] McKenzie, B.A. (2022) Comparative Veterinary Geroscience: Mechanism of Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Aging in Humans, Laboratory Animal Models, and Companion Dogs and Cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 83, 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.22.02.0027 [25] Greenlund, L. (2003) Sarcopenia—Consequences, Mechanisms, and Potential Therapies. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 124, 287-299.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00196-3 [26] Cupp, C.J., Jean-Phillipe, C., Kerr, W., et al. (2007) Effect of Nutrition Interventions on Longevity of Senior Cats. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 5, 133-149. [27] Fransen, F., van Beek, A.A., Borghuis, T., Aidy, S.E., Hugenholtz, F., et al. (2017) Aged Gut Microbiota Contributes to Systemical Inflammaging after Transfer to Germ-Free Mice. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, Article 1385.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01385 [28] Franceschi, C., Garagnani, P., Parini, P., Giuliani, C. and Santoro, A. (2018) Inflammaging: A New Immune-Metabolic Viewpoint for Age-Related Diseases. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14, 576-590.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4 [29] Day, M.J. (2010) Ageing, Immuno-Senescence and Inflammageing in the Dog and Cat. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 142, S60-S69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.011 [30] Kipar, A., Baptiste, K., Meli, M., Barth, A., Knietsch, M., Reinacher, M., et al. (2005) Age-Related Dynamics of Constitutive Cytokine Transcription Levels of Feline Monocytes. Experimental Gerontology, 40, 243-248.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2004.12.007 [31] Massimino, S., Kearns, R.J., Loos, K.M., Burr, J., Park, J.S., Chew, B., et al. (2003) Effects of Age and Dietary β-carotene on Immunological Variables in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17, 835-842.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02523.x [32] Hall, J.A., Tooley, K.A., Gradin, J.L., Jewell, D.E. and Wander, R.C. (2003) Effects of Dietary N-6 and N-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E on the Immune Response of Healthy Geriatric Dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64, 762-772.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.762 [33] O’Brien, T., Thomas, D.G., Morel, P.C.H. and Rutherfurd-Markwick, K.J. (2015) Moderate Dietary Supplementation with Vitamin E Enhances Lymphocyte Functionality in the Adult Cat. Research in Veterinary Science, 99, 63-69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.007 [34] Rutherfurd-Markwick, K.J., Hendriks, W.H., Morel, P.C.H. and Thomas, D.G. (2013) The Potential for Enhancement of Immunity in Cats by Dietary Supplementation. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 152, 333-340.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.007 [35] Milgram, N.W., Head, E., Zicker, S.C., Ikeda-Douglas, C., Murphey, H., Muggenberg, B.A., et al. (2004) Long-Term Treatment with Antioxidants and a Program of Behavioral Enrichment Reduces Age-Dependent Impairment in Discrimination and Reversal Learning in Beagle Dogs. Experimental Gerontology, 39, 753-765.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2004.01.007 [36] Milgram, N., Zicker, S., Head, E., Muggenburg, B., Murphey, H., Ikedadouglas, C., et al. (2002) Dietary Enrichment Counteracts Age-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Canines. Neurobiology of Aging, 23, 737-745.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00020-9 [37] Milgram, N.W., Araujo, J.A., Hagen, T.M., Treadwell, B.V. and Ames, B.N. (2007) Acetyl-l-Carnitine and α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation of Aged Beagle Dogs Improves Learning in Two Landmark Discrimination Tests. The FASEB Journal, 21, 3756-3762.
https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.07-8531com [38] Pan, Y., Kennedy, A.D., Jönsson, T.J. and Milgram, N.W. (2018) Cognitive Enhancement in Old Dogs from Dietary Supplementation with a Nutrient Blend Containing Arginine, Antioxidants, B Vitamins and Fish Oil. British Journal of Nutrition, 119, 349-358.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517003464 [39] Pan, Y., Landsberg, G., Mougeot, I., Kelly, S., Xu, H., Bhatnagar, S., et al. (2018) Efficacy of a Therapeutic Diet on Dogs with Signs of Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS): A Prospective Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Clinical Study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5, Article 127.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00127 [40] Snigdha, S., de Rivera, C., Milgram, N.W. and Cotman, C.W. (2016) Effect of Mitochondrial Cofactors and Antioxidants Supplementation on Cognition in the Aged Canine. Neurobiology of Aging, 37, 171-178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.015 [41] Dowling, A.L.S. and Head, E. (2012) Antioxidants in the Canine Model of Human Aging. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Molecular Basis of Disease, 1822, 685-689.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.020 [42] Pan, Y., Araujo, J.A., Burrows, J., de Rivera, C., Gore, A., Bhatnagar, S., et al. (2012) Cognitive Enhancement in Middle-Aged and Old Cats with Dietary Supplementation with a Nutrient Blend Containing Fish Oil, B Vitamins, Antioxidants and Arginine. British Journal of Nutrition, 110, 40-49.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512004771
https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.246.1.67 [2] Bellows, J., Center, S., Daristotle, L., Estrada, A.H., Flickinger, E.A., Horwitz, D.F., et al. (2016) Aging in Cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18, 533-550.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x16649523 [3] Case, L.P., Daristotle, L., Hayek, M.G. and Raasch, M.F. (2011) Geriatrics. In: Canine and Feline Nutrition, Elsevier, 261-275.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-06619-8.10025-8 [4] Quimby, J., Gowland, S., Carney, H.C., DePorter, T., Plummer, P. and Westropp, J. (2021) 2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 23, 211-233.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x21993657 [5] Ray, M., Carney, H.C., Boynton, B., Quimby, J., Robertson, S., St Denis, K., et al. (2021) 2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 23, 613-638.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x211021538 [6] Creevy, K.E., Grady, J., Little, S.E., Moore, G.E., Strickler, B.G., Thompson, S., et al. (2019) 2019 AAHA Canine Life Stage Guidelines. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 55, 267-290.
https://doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6999 [7] Salt, C., Saito, E.K., O’Flynn, C. and Allaway, D. (2022) Stratification of Companion Animal Life Stages from Electronic Medical Record Diagnosis Data. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 78, 579-586.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glac220 [8] Bermingham, E.N., Weidgraaf, K., Hekman, M., Roy, N.C., Tavendale, M.H. and Thomas, D.G. (2012) Seasonal and Age Effects on Energy Requirements in Domestic Short-Hair Cats (Felis catus) in a Temperate Environment. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 97, 522-530.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01293.x [9] Bermingham, E.N., Young, W., Butowski, C.F., Moon, C.D., Maclean, P.H., Rosendale, D., et al. (2018) The Fecal Microbiota in the Domestic Cat (Felis catus) Is Influenced by Interactions between Age and Diet; A Five Year Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, Article 1231.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01231 [10] Peachey, S.E., Dawson, J.M. and Harper, E.J. (2000) Gastrointestinal Transit Times in Young and Old Cats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 126, 85-90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00189-6 [11] Papasouliotis, K., Sparkes, A.H., Gruffydd-Jones, T.J., Cripps, P.J. and Harper, E.J. (1998) Use of the Breath Hydrogen Test to Assess the Effect of Age on Orocecal Transit Time and Carbohydrate Assimilation in Cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, 1299-1302.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1998.59.10.1299 [12] Garden, O.A., Rutgers, H.C., Sørensen, S.H., Daniels, S., Walker, D. and Batt, R.M. (1997) Reference Range and Repeatability of a Combined Intestinal Permeability and Function Test in Clinically Healthy Irish Setter Dogs. Research in Veterinary Science, 63, 257-261.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(97)90030-8 [13] Weber, M.P., Martin, L.J., Dumon, H.J., Biourge, V.C. and Nguyen, P.G. (2002) Influence of Age and Body Size on Intestinal Permeability and Absorption in Healthy Dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 1323-1328.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1323 [14] Kuzmuk, K.N., Swanson, K.S., Tappenden, K.A., Schook, L.B. and Fahey, G.C. (2005) Diet and Age Affect Intestinal Morphology and Large Bowel Fermentative End-Product Concentrations in Senior and Young Adult Dogs. The Journal of Nutrition, 135, 1940-1945.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.8.1940 [15] Larsen, J.A. and Farcas, A. (2014) Nutrition of Aging Dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 44, 741-759.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.003 [16] Schauf, S., Stockman, J., Haydock, R., Eyre, R., Fortener, L., Park, J.S., et al. (2021) Healthy Ageing Is Associated with Preserved or Enhanced Nutrient and Mineral Apparent Digestibility in Dogs and Cats Fed Commercially Relevant Extruded Diets. Animals, 11, Article 2127.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072127 [17] Laflamme, D.P. (2005) Nutrition for Aging Cats and Dogs and the Importance of Body Condition. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 35, 713-742.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.12.011 [18] National Research Council (2006) Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. The National Academies Press. [19] FEDIAF (2017) FEDIAF Scientific Advisory Board Statement Nutrition of Senior Animals.
https://europeanpetfood.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/FEDIAF-Nutritional-Guidelines_2024.pdf [20] Summers, S.C., Stockman, J., Larsen, J.A., Sanchez Rodriguez, A. and Zhang, L. (2020) Evaluation of Nutrient Content and Caloric Density in Commercially Available Foods Formulated for Senior Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34, 2029-2035.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15858 [21] Freeman, L.M. (2011) Cachexia and Sarcopenia: Emerging Syndromes of Importance in Dogs and Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26, 3-17.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00838.x [22] Laflamme, D.P. (2016) Sarcopenia and Weight Loss in the Geriatric Cat. In: August’s Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7, Elsevier, 951-956.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00095-5 [23] Mao, J., Xia, Z., Chen, J. and Yu, J. (2013) Prevalence and Risk Factors for Canine Obesity Surveyed in Veterinary Practices in Beijing, China. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112, 438-442.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.08.012 [24] McKenzie, B.A. (2022) Comparative Veterinary Geroscience: Mechanism of Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Aging in Humans, Laboratory Animal Models, and Companion Dogs and Cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 83, 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.22.02.0027 [25] Greenlund, L. (2003) Sarcopenia—Consequences, Mechanisms, and Potential Therapies. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 124, 287-299.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00196-3 [26] Cupp, C.J., Jean-Phillipe, C., Kerr, W., et al. (2007) Effect of Nutrition Interventions on Longevity of Senior Cats. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 5, 133-149. [27] Fransen, F., van Beek, A.A., Borghuis, T., Aidy, S.E., Hugenholtz, F., et al. (2017) Aged Gut Microbiota Contributes to Systemical Inflammaging after Transfer to Germ-Free Mice. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, Article 1385.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01385 [28] Franceschi, C., Garagnani, P., Parini, P., Giuliani, C. and Santoro, A. (2018) Inflammaging: A New Immune-Metabolic Viewpoint for Age-Related Diseases. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14, 576-590.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4 [29] Day, M.J. (2010) Ageing, Immuno-Senescence and Inflammageing in the Dog and Cat. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 142, S60-S69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.011 [30] Kipar, A., Baptiste, K., Meli, M., Barth, A., Knietsch, M., Reinacher, M., et al. (2005) Age-Related Dynamics of Constitutive Cytokine Transcription Levels of Feline Monocytes. Experimental Gerontology, 40, 243-248.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2004.12.007 [31] Massimino, S., Kearns, R.J., Loos, K.M., Burr, J., Park, J.S., Chew, B., et al. (2003) Effects of Age and Dietary β-carotene on Immunological Variables in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17, 835-842.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02523.x [32] Hall, J.A., Tooley, K.A., Gradin, J.L., Jewell, D.E. and Wander, R.C. (2003) Effects of Dietary N-6 and N-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E on the Immune Response of Healthy Geriatric Dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64, 762-772.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.762 [33] O’Brien, T., Thomas, D.G., Morel, P.C.H. and Rutherfurd-Markwick, K.J. (2015) Moderate Dietary Supplementation with Vitamin E Enhances Lymphocyte Functionality in the Adult Cat. Research in Veterinary Science, 99, 63-69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.007 [34] Rutherfurd-Markwick, K.J., Hendriks, W.H., Morel, P.C.H. and Thomas, D.G. (2013) The Potential for Enhancement of Immunity in Cats by Dietary Supplementation. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 152, 333-340.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.007 [35] Milgram, N.W., Head, E., Zicker, S.C., Ikeda-Douglas, C., Murphey, H., Muggenberg, B.A., et al. (2004) Long-Term Treatment with Antioxidants and a Program of Behavioral Enrichment Reduces Age-Dependent Impairment in Discrimination and Reversal Learning in Beagle Dogs. Experimental Gerontology, 39, 753-765.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2004.01.007 [36] Milgram, N., Zicker, S., Head, E., Muggenburg, B., Murphey, H., Ikedadouglas, C., et al. (2002) Dietary Enrichment Counteracts Age-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Canines. Neurobiology of Aging, 23, 737-745.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00020-9 [37] Milgram, N.W., Araujo, J.A., Hagen, T.M., Treadwell, B.V. and Ames, B.N. (2007) Acetyl-l-Carnitine and α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation of Aged Beagle Dogs Improves Learning in Two Landmark Discrimination Tests. The FASEB Journal, 21, 3756-3762.
https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.07-8531com [38] Pan, Y., Kennedy, A.D., Jönsson, T.J. and Milgram, N.W. (2018) Cognitive Enhancement in Old Dogs from Dietary Supplementation with a Nutrient Blend Containing Arginine, Antioxidants, B Vitamins and Fish Oil. British Journal of Nutrition, 119, 349-358.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517003464 [39] Pan, Y., Landsberg, G., Mougeot, I., Kelly, S., Xu, H., Bhatnagar, S., et al. (2018) Efficacy of a Therapeutic Diet on Dogs with Signs of Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS): A Prospective Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Clinical Study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5, Article 127.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00127 [40] Snigdha, S., de Rivera, C., Milgram, N.W. and Cotman, C.W. (2016) Effect of Mitochondrial Cofactors and Antioxidants Supplementation on Cognition in the Aged Canine. Neurobiology of Aging, 37, 171-178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.015 [41] Dowling, A.L.S. and Head, E. (2012) Antioxidants in the Canine Model of Human Aging. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Molecular Basis of Disease, 1822, 685-689.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.020 [42] Pan, Y., Araujo, J.A., Burrows, J., de Rivera, C., Gore, A., Bhatnagar, S., et al. (2012) Cognitive Enhancement in Middle-Aged and Old Cats with Dietary Supplementation with a Nutrient Blend Containing Fish Oil, B Vitamins, Antioxidants and Arginine. British Journal of Nutrition, 110, 40-49.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512004771
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